Creation of the World :: essays research papers

Creation of the WorldIn the beginning there was only chaos. Then out of the quash appeared Erebus, the unknowable place where death dwells, and Night All else was empty, silent, endless, darkness. Then somehow Love was born bringing a start of order. From Love came Light and Day. in one case there was Light and Day, Gaea, the earth appeared. Then Erebus slept with Night, who gave birth to Aether, the heavenly light, and to Day the earthly light. Then Night alone produced Doom, Fate, Death, Sleep, Dreams, Nemesis, and others that come to man out of darkness. stave Gaea alone gave birth to Uranus, the heavens. Uranus became Gaeas mate covering her on all sides. To restoreher they produced the three Cyclopes, the three Hecatoncheires, and twelve Titans. However, Uranus was a bad father and husband. He hated the Hecatoncheires. He imprisoned them by pushing them into the hidden places of the earth, Gaeas womb. This angered Gaea and she plotted against Uranus. She made a flint sickle a nd tried to get her children to attack Uranus. All were too afraid except, the youngest Titan, Cronus. Gaea and Cronus set up an ambush of Uranus as he lay with Gaea at night. Cronus grabbed his father and weaken him, with the stone sickle, throwing the severed genitals into the ocean. The fate of Uranus is not clear. He either died, withdrew from the earth, or exiled himself to Italy. As he departed he promised that Cronus and the Titans would be punished. From his spilt blood came the Giants, the modify Tree Nymphs, and the Erinyes. From the sea foam where his genitals fell came Aphrodite. Cronus became the next patternr. He imprisoned the Cyclopes and the Hecatoncheires in Tartarus. He married his sister Rhea, under his rule the Titans had many offspring. He ruled for many ages. However, Gaea and Uranus both had prophesied that he would be overthrown by a son. To avoid this Cronus swallowed each of his children as they were born. Rhea was ireful at the treatment of the childr en and plotted against Cronus. When it came time to give birth to her sixth child, Rhea hid herself, then she left the child to be raised by nymphs. To obliterate her act she wrapped a stone in swaddling cloths and passed it off as the baby to Cronus, who swallowed it. This child was Zeus.

Hormone Research :: essays research papers fc

Hormone ResearchHormone research has been greatly influenced by cultural assumptions about the dimorphism of gender. Much of the scientific data produced and taken as knowledge reaffirms social ideologies already thought to be true and uses this data to essentially prove these ideas. In the case of ductless gland research, ideas about the innate differences among males and egg-producing(prenominal)s were imposed upon the scientific methodologies and the conclusions made. The misconception of estrogen and testosterone projected cultural ideas about femininity and masculinity, and implied difference. The fact that these hormones are secreted from sexual organs gave scientific license to claim them as sexual hormones the explanatory factor of the male female difference. This essay will discuss how the study of hormones reaffirmed culturally constructed notions of the innate difference between male and female and the idea that this fact is biologically determined. The early 1900s was a time of social and political upheaval regarding developing thought on feminism and equal rights, the hormone studies and ideas of sex antagonism by the physiologist Eugen Steinach greatly show how this science was influenced by cultural notions (Fausto-Sterling, 159). As asserted by Anne Fausto-Sterling, Steinachs entire lifes work was premised on the unexamined idea that there must be a sharp natural distinction between maleness and femaleness (Fausto-Sterling, 158). Instead of discover these hormones without bias and looking to understand how they function, Steinach sets out to prove a difference. The language which he uses to define the characteristics of these hormones reflects the thought process of the times. Describing the interaction of hormones in militaristic harm he relates on the battles of the antagonistic actions of sex hormones and marks their sharp antagonism (Fausto-Sterling, 159). The language used to describe this study outlines his agenda as he uses irritate d terms like antagonism instead of the more appropriate term, inhibition. This study dealing with the transplantation of ovaries and testes in guinea pigs uses the study of the abnormal or the mark of study out of its natural context to understand it. The evidence and the conclusions made by Steinach illuminate his ideas as his data as his data can suck in many interpretations. This study, though valid in some ways to the understanding and effects of ovaries and testes essentially projects the political story of human sex antagonism that paralleled contemporary social struggles (Fausto-Sterling, 162). These studies and the terms used to define them create a degree of fact which leads to further study along with living on in democratic thought.

It Wasn’t War it Was Genocide in Rwanda Essay -- Essays Papers

It Wasnt War it Was Genocide in RwandaNever ending battles have occurred over the past sixty years in Rwanda imputable to their atrocious economy. It has been the Tutsi and the Hutu, two out of the three ethnic groups in Rwanda, that have been battling for the government spot. As the years went on, the fighting kept getting more brutal. This savagery ended up being an all out massacre in Rwanda from the Hutu. It has been argued whether if the killings were an act of genocide or an act of war. But what are exactly genocide and war, and which one relates to the conflict in Rwanda? Because of the way the Hutu went through with there harsh brutality towards the Tutsi provides enough evidence to prove that the Hutus actions were an act of genocide. Rwanda is a densely live small landlocked country in Africa. In this small country reside three ethnic groups the Hutu, the Tutsi, and the Twa. The Hutu account for 85 percent of the population, the Tutsi make up 14 percent, and the Twa only make up about 1 percent. The Tutsi, even though they only make up 14 percent of the populations, have govern Rwanda for years, which has stirred up many emotions from the Hutu being that they have the numbers while the Tutsi still has the power. Then there is the Twa who have no political effect in Rwanda. Before 1950 the Tutsi and the Hutu lived very similar lives growing cattle and cultivating their land. They even intermarried and shared the same language. Everything was great until a new type of economic system came into play, colonialism. on that point was always a little rivalry between the Hutu and the Tutsi but this rivalry substantially grew when colonialism came into the economic system in Rwanda. Not to say that Rwanda w... ...me against the rules of war, and since the actions of the Hutu was nothing little than atrocious the incident in Rwanda in 1994 was nothing less than a pure act of genocide. Works Cited- Destexhe, Alain. The Crime of Genoc ide. New York, NY New York University Press, 1995. http//www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/rwanda/reports/dsetexhe.html. - Kampfner, John. The Journalist as God. New Statesman. Jan. 26, 2004. Vol. 133 Issue 4672, p. 22, 2p- Lorey, David E. ed., and Beezley, William H. ed. Genocide, Collective Violence, and Popular Memory. Wilmington, DE Scholary Resources Inc., 2002- Robinson, Luke. The Tragedy of Rwanda. Monthly Review Dec. 2003. vol. 55 issue 7, pg. 52, 9p- Shaw, Martin. War & Genocide. Cambridge, UK Polity Press, 2003

We Should Skydive To Work :: essays research papers

Standing in the doorway of the plane I still felt grounded. The equipment weighed heavily on my back, the floor pressed against my feet, and the straps pulled on my legs and shoulders. expression down the only thing I saw was the world in a collage of colored dots as I made sure I spotted my target for priming coating. My phobia of heights and flying suddenly hit me exchangeable a railroad train. I could feel my heart beat from both parts of my body. Gradu each(prenominal)y, my fears turned into excitement as I longed for the freedom of flight, I leapt. Touching nothing but line of products I felt the exhilarating look sharp of adrenaline as I soared through the sky at 120 miles per hour. I was in control. My every fondness tingled with excitement. That smooth collage of color miles beneath may be where I lived but this was where I was most alive For sixty seconds of eternity I was completely free of all worldly concerns it was dependable me and the sky. Skydiving is an a ctivity and sport in which battalion jump extinct of an aircraft, alone or in groups, and land by using a parachute. Because of the sensation of leaping into the air and free-falling some distance before opening their parachutes, skydivers usually experience a rush of adrenaline and then a peaceful disposition of well-being. This feeling of calm lasts long after they land on the ground. Before feeling that calm however, my mind was like many peoples out there, and I could not understand why I had convinced myself to jump out of a perfectly close airplane. I assumed that only heady stuntmen skydive, and that it was the most dangerous thing a person could experience. Now that I have actually jumped out of a plane, I can easily protest with the doubts of non-skydivers. Although skydiving may be seen as dangerous or yet careless, it is actually one of the safest extreme sports, even researched to be safer than driving a car.why do people see skydiving as particularly dangerous? First of all, be honest Its not bowling. A skydiver, after all is jumping out of an airplane and hurtling 12,000 feet towards the ground at 120 miles per hour. The most common reason why people see skydiving as so dangerous is because it is a popular phobia among people. Acrophobia, or the fear of heights, is one of the top phobias in the world.We Should Skydive To turn essays research papers Standing in the doorway of the plane I still felt grounded. The equipment weighed heavily on my back, the floor pressed against my feet, and the straps pulled on my legs and shoulders. Looking down the only thing I saw was the world in a collage of colored dots as I made sure I spotted my target for landing. My phobia of heights and flying suddenly hit me like a railroad train. I could feel my heart beat from all parts of my body. Gradually, my fears turned into excitement as I longed for the freedom of flight, I leapt. Touching nothing but air I felt the exhilarating rush of adrenaline as I soared through the sky at 120 miles per hour. I was in control. My every nerve tingled with excitement. That smooth collage of color miles below may be where I lived but this was where I was most alive For sixty seconds of eternity I was completely free of all worldly concerns it was just me and the sky. Skydiving is an activity and sport in which people jump out of an aircraft, alone or in groups, and land by using a parachute. Because of the sensation of leaping into the air and free-falling some distance before opening their parachutes, skydivers usually experience a rush of adrenaline and then a peaceful sense of well-being. This feeling of calm lasts long after they land on the ground. Before feeling that calm however, my mind was like many peoples out there, and I could not understand why I had convinced myself to jump out of a perfectly good airplane. I assumed that only reckless stuntmen skydive, and that it was the most dangerous thing a person could experience. Now that I have actually jumped out of a plane, I can easily disagree with the doubts of non-skydivers. Although skydiving may be seen as dangerous or even careless, it is actually one of the safest extreme sports, even researched to be safer than driving a car.Why do people see skydiving as particularly dangerous? First of all, be honest Its not bowling. A skydiver, after all is jumping out of an airplane and hurtling 12,000 feet towards the ground at 120 miles per hour. The most common reason why people see skydiving as so dangerous is because it is a popular phobia among people. Acrophobia, or the fear of heights, is one of the top phobias in the world.

Essay --

Service delivery is one of the most challenging tasks that face many a(prenominal) organizations today. This is even worse in cases where factors such modality of fulfillment of a given service, challenges inherent in it and productivity measurements are not properly understood. My friendship deals with a complaint resolution service. This is a service product that is delivered directly to clients who depend on it for the purpose of redress concerning misunderstanding or disagreements as out-of-the-way(prenominal) as the smart sets products are concerned. Customer dissatisfaction is highly dangerous for the existence and prosperity of any given business as it may exploit the business to collapse so easily. It is upon this concept that the conjunction operates with a view to ensuring that all customer related misunderstandings are dealt with swiftly and compassionately so that clients do not feel neglected or misunderstood. Complaint resolution, as hard as it is, is a ver y delicate interaction between the client and the company agents. This means that it should be handled carefully by taking into account the key requirements that it deserves. The requirements for complaint resolution are many and generic. They include patient and credence, feedback and time, customer cellular inclusion and respect, record and documentation among others. First, and most obviously, patient of the highest level is needed. This is recommended in the cases where an agent is involved in a complicated case that may need more(prenominal) time to handle in one hand, and urgency on the other. In addition, any company agent is required to be patient with controversial clients who may not give room for explanations as to what could be the remedy of a given misunderstanding. Patient is also recommended as the best way of... ...ining and continual monetary support. Even though it is difficult to measure the productivity of this service product, customer complaint resolution, p arameters like increase and decline in customer-related claims is a perfect sess of its performance. Concisely, it is suffice to say that customer complaint resolution is highly necessary for any business. This is because any customer dissatisfaction may of consequences to the survival and prosperity of the company. As a result, all customer-related complaints should be dealt with swiftly and compassionately by taking into account all the key requirements that underpin the exercise lest any deviation cost the company dearly. On the same note, this service should be carried procedurally by taking into account all the recommended steps involved in order to ensure quality customer service delivery in the company.

Essay --

Service delivery is champion of the most challenging tasks that face many organizations today. This is even worse in cases where factors such modality of fulfillment of a given service, challenges inherent in it and productivity footstepments atomic number 18 not properly understood. My company deals with a indisposition resolution service. This is a service product that is delivered directly to clients who depend on it for the purpose of redress concerning misunderstanding or disagreements as far as the companys products are concerned. Customer dissatisfaction is highly dangerous for the existence and prosperity of any given business as it may make the business to collapse so easily. It is upon this excogitation that the company operates with a view to ensuring that all customer related misunderstandings are dealt with swiftly and compassionately so that clients do not feel neglected or misunderstood. Complaint resolution, as hard as it is, is a very delicate interaction between the client and the company agents. This means that it should be handled carefully by taking into account the key requirements that it deserves. The requirements for complaint resolution are many and generic. They include long-suffering and credence, feedback and time, customer inclusion and respect, record and documentation among others. First, and most obviously, patient of the highest level is needed. This is recommended in the cases where an agent is involved in a complicated case that may need more time to handle in one hand, and urgency on the other. In addition, any company agent is required to be patient with controversial clients who may not give room for explanations as to what could be the remedy of a given misunderstanding. Patient is also recommended as the best way of... ...ining and continual financial support. Even though it is difficult to measure the productivity of this service product, customer complaint resolution, parameters like increase and decline in customer-related claims is a perfect gauge of its performance. Concisely, it is suffice to say that customer complaint resolution is highly necessary for any business. This is because any customer dissatisfaction may of consequences to the survival and prosperity of the company. As a result, all customer-related complaints should be dealt with swiftly and compassionately by taking into account all the key requirements that underpin the exercise lest any deviation cost the company dearly. On the same note, this service should be carried procedurally by taking into account all the recommended steps involved in order to ensure quality customer service delivery in the company.

IOS 7 vs. IOS 6

IOS 7 vs. IOS 6 When Apple announced its new OS back in March, many people were very excited at a change to the old IOS 6. As beta testing for the OS began and bugs began to intoxicate the new OS many consumers were left wondering if the need to switch at the final release was the best move and if so, what were the advantages or changes to the new OS. IOS 7 has changed many of the features of IOS 6, but many of the core elements of IOS 6 are ever-present.The First and nearly noticeable difference in IOS 7 is its new color scheme and lock screen. IOS 6 had a round design and color scheme that was redolent(p) of factory gears, and its lock screen was a simple picture with a slider at the bottom. But in the new OS, the color scheme is northeast and bright colors, flat design in the sense that none of the home screen apps seem 3d, but also the lock screen is a broad screen picture with the date, time, and also a slide to unlock slider.Those few improvements o the overall OS were nice , but the slide to unlock from the original OS 6 was still there and so were the large digital clock at the top. Another difference is the addition of tame Center. Control Center is a slider at the bottom of the screen that you slide up to use specific features of IOS 7, that in the older OS 6 you would have had to go to the settings plug-in. The features of Control Center include a slider for brightness, Wi-Fi control, Bluetooth control, and also one of IOS 7s new features, Airdrop.Once again, the new features are great, even though many of the uses of them were in IOS 6. All in all IOS 7 is a step forward in features and still stays true to its predecessor. The new color scheme and lock screen got a complete overhaul, while keeping the same features and core elements of OS 6. Also the addition of Control Center now uses the toggles that could have been found in the settings menu of 10s 6. So once again, apple has made a step up in its Operating System while still staying true to its predeceasing one.

Hetrogenetiy of Problem Behavior in Male Adoloscents Essay

Often an incorrect interpretation or prognosis of an abnormal or extraordinary doings pattern give the bounce draw the line between what is normal and acceptable, and what can suddenly be sort as a disorder or a disease. This paper aims to study the similarities between certain looks, and what factors can acts as differentiators between the two. The paper also emphasized how critical correct assessment is for correct prognosis, and that a treatment may thus, vary greatly from matchless disorder to another.Key concepts including delinquency, unsociable behaviour, conduct disorder, conduct problems and outdoor(a)ising behaviour disorders atomic number 18 often used interchangeably, until now these concepts ar furthermost from identical (Connor, 2004). These argon different definitions from different perspectives of psychology much(prenominal) as juvenile justice, clinical diagnostic/medical settings, psychometrics, and personality/social psychology in order to have a more complete understanding of antisocial behaviour and other related behaviours (Connor, 2004). deranges that bear similar symptoms unsociable behaviors are each acts that violate social rules and the basic rights of others. They include conduct intended to injure pot or damage property, illegal behavior, and defiance of generally accepted rules and authority, such as truancy from school. These antisocial behaviors exist along a severity continuum.Disruptive Behaviour unsoundness is used to describe a set of externalizing oppose behaviour that co-occur during childhood and which are collectively known as Attention-Deficit and Disruptive Behaviour Disorders as outlined in the referred to collectively in the diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fourth Edition (DSM-IV). The following are three subgroups of externalizing behaviors Oppositional Defiant disorder (ODD) shell out Disorder (CD) Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( attention deficit disorder)Conduc t Disorder is aggression toward people and animals, destruction of property, deceitfulness, theft, and other serious social rule violations. Oppositional Defiant Disorder is characterized by negativistic, hostile, and defiant behaviors, such as losing ones temper, arguing, defying rules, deliberately annoying others, blaming others for ones behavior, and displaying anger or vindictiveness (Childhood Antisocial Behavior and Adolescent Alcohol custom Disorders). ADHD A mental disorder of childhood is at least three times as common in boys as in girls, characterized by brutal inattention, hyperactivity, or impulsivity.Brief History of Disorder classification In the medieval times, any deviation from norm was dealt with contempt, and any extraordinary behavior shown by people were said to be possessed by an evil spirit. Later, following Darwins theory of human evolution, Morels idea of degeneration was used to explain twist behaviour. According to this concept, criminals were less ev olved than normal human beings and that all psychopaths exhibited some degree of criminal behaviour. Physician and phrenologist Carl Otto (1824) was the one who initiated the evolvement of the term psychopathy.Although his method was scientifically invalid, he started the trend of what would be called psychopathy as a set of personality traits. The term psychopathic was first used by J. L. Koch (1891) to describe personality disorders as a result of biological causes. K. Birnbaum (1909) first used the term sociopathy, because it was felt that environmental factors were causes of the personality. Now, psychopathy, as defined by Hares revised mental disease Checklist, is associate degreed with both personality traits and overt behaviour. (Source How Does Conduct Disorder correlate with Phsychopathy)What are the factors in the forbearings chronicle that will help determine whether the puerile has a certain disorder or he is simply acting out, and will eventually outgrow such behav iours Most of these disorders are generally and holistically classified as antisocial behavior. Antisocial behaviors tend to be consistent across social settings, such as school and home environments (Dishion et al. 1995). Although the inclination towards serious antisocial behaviors is quite steady across the bread and butterspan, the manifestations of this propensity vary according to phrasemental stages.This concept has been termed heterotypic continuity (Moffitt 1993, extracted from Childhood Antisocial Behavior and Adolescent Alcohol Use Disorders ). For example, antisocial behavior that is interpreted as irritability and impulsivity in younger children may become criminal behavior once these children reach adolescents or adulthood. Antisocial behaviour is a heterogeneous phenomenon and encompasses a wide variety of behaviours and definitions as mentioned above.One way to distinguish subtypes of antisocial behavior is from the developmental perspective where accepted classif ication system (APA, 1994 Lahey et al. , 1998) and developmental pathways (Hinshaw, Lahey, & hart, 1993 Loeber, 1990 Moffitt, 1993 Nagin, Farrington, & Moffitt, 1995 Patterson, Capaldi, & Bank, 1991 Shaw, Bell, & Gilliom, 2000) feature two different subtypes of antisocial behaviour child-onset (also early-starter, aggressive-versatile) and adolescent-onset (late-onset, non-aggressive).This paper focus on adolescent on-set behavior, from the perspective of developmental pathways. disdain the extent of information gathered on Psychopathy, little is known about its developmental nature. Presumable, there are certain risk of exposure factors or distinct developmental pathways which correlate them to other groups of delinquents. Knowledge of such developmental risk factors will greatly enable psychologists and researchers related to this field to deal with the serious problem of Psychopathy. almost risk factors of psychopathy include a history of abuse, parental antisocial characteris tics and related factors. It is also widely believed that phsychpathy is manifested at a young age (Hare 1991, Hart and Hare 1997, extracted from Individual and Familial risk factors for Adolescent physchopathy). However this does not mean that psychopathy manifested in adulthood has been developing in an early age. authentic risk factors are identified in the assessment and prognosis of a disorder.Risk factors are generally associated with earlier events or conditions that are associated with a electronegative outcome which has been caused or influenced (McBride, Individual and Familial risk factors for Adolescent physchopathy 1998). This includes factors which act within the environment of the individual, and may be casually or indirectly cerebrate to a negative outcome are also referred to as risk factors. Thus, serious assessment of anti-social behavior in an early and timely intervention may be able to mediate these risk factors.Loeber and Stothamer Lober (1996) indicate that these conditions are cumulative and may lead to stacking, and may become resistant to change if not break up or mediated (Moffit 1990). It is distinguished to understand that dynamic or changeable risk factors (such as knowledge about a childhood aggressive condition) are important in early identification of an adolescent disorder. Factors such as poor parenting or poor parental monitoring are important to be identified at an early age and thus can be monitored and treated, preventing it from becoming a an aggressive and adolescent delinquency in the future (Loeber and Stothamer Lober 1986).These factors are mutable through treatment, and prevents the accumulation of antisocial behavior in aggressive adolescents (Kazdin 1987). Twentieth century theorists report that parental care is a key characteristic in the development of child behavior. Theorists have suggested that poor family attitudes and interactions fail to provide the attachments that could leverage children into social ized life-styles (e. g. , Hirschi, 1969). Poor home environments manifest antisocial characteristics in their children and associate them with disengaging themselves from their environment (e.g. , Sutherland and Cressey, 1974).Reports based on two adolescents studies have addressed this issue. Both studies have used data collected by the Youth in changeover project from adolescents at ages 15 and 17 years (Bachman and OMalley, 1984). Delinquency related to parent-adolescent interaction was studied by Liska and Reed (1985) their analyses suggest that attachment or interaction with parents inhibits delinquency, which in turn, promotes school attachment and stronger family ties.Wells and Rankin (1988) considered the effectiveness of various dimensions of direct instruction on delinquency their analyses suggest that restrictiveness, but not harshness, inhibits delinquency, however these studies do have their limitations as they were made using the same database, but none of the same p arameters to conclude the relationship between the variables (adolescent studies from Youth in revolution project extracted from Mc Cord Family Relationships, Juvenile Delinquency, And Adult Criminality). Many suggest that psychopathy disorders, such as antisocial behavior, are also genetically catching (Hare 1993.Forth and Burke 1998, Lykken 1995, (source Individual and Familial risk factors for Adolescent physchopathy 1998).Parents who are psychopathic also behave violently towards their children, thus instilling seeds of similar behavior into them. Children who have displayed signs of aggressiveness also may not culminate into aggressive adolescents with disorders or psychopathy as suggested by studies done by White, Moffits, Earls, Robins and Silva, 1990 (Individual and Familial risk factors for Adolescent physchopathy 1998). Aggression in a proportion of boys emerges early in life and is usually accompanied by ODD symptoms (Loeber et al., 2000, extracted from Oppositional Def iant and Conduct Disorder A suss out of the Past 10 Years, Part I).DSM-IV prescribes that the diagnosis of CD should not be made when behaviors are in reaction to their immediate external environment or influences, an example would be of an aggressive adolescent living in a high-crime area (Oppositional Defiant and Conduct Disorder A Review of the Past 10 Years, Part I). There is a consensus among delinquency studies of both official and self-report data, showing an increase from childhood through adolescence in the prevalence of low-pressure CD behaviors (Achenbach et al., 1991 Stanger et al. , 1997) these include behaviors such as theft, breaking-and-entering, and fraud (e. g. , Loeber and Farrington, 1998 Loeber et al. , 1998a).More studies show that the prevalence of clandestine conduct problems increases from childhood through adolescence (Loeber and Stouthamer-Loeber, 1998). However, studies also give try that certain forms of aggression (such as physical aggression) has sh own to decrease during the same period (Lahey et al. , 1998 Loeber and Hay, 1997 Loeber et al., 1991).However, more violent forms of aggression, such as robbery, rape, and attempted or completed homicide, tends to develop more during adolescence (Oppositional Defiant and Conduct Disorder A Review of the Past 10 Years, Part I) What are the important factors that the clinician should assess? Often during clinical assessment, when investigating is conducted, external factors and information from parents and key influencers are extracted to determine the behavior of children and adolescents.It is, however, important to understand that children and youth in subject are essential informants regarding CD because their back acts are not always noticed by adults. It is essential to combine the important informants diagnosis and results to establish the correct diagnosis and assessment, however much of this is missing. veritable(a) minor changes or difference in diagnostic criteria can pro duce large variations in prognosis leading to incorrect assessment and treatment of disorders.A comparison of DSM-1II and DS2v1-III-R diagnoses on the same sample showed that between DSM-III and DSM-III-R ODD became 25% less prevalent and CD became 44% less prevalent (Boyle et al. , 1996 Lahey et al. , 1990 extracted from Oppositional Defiant and Conduct Disorder A Review of the Past 10 Years, Part I). Diagnostic Assessment The assessment of Conduct Disorder, for example, requires collecting data from multiple informants, such as parents, teachers, colleagues, in different settings using varying methods over time, in order to develop more realistic assessment and information about the subject in question.Contact with medical, school, social service, and juvenille justice personnel should be established to obtain more realistic informationd . A history of the tolerant should be gathered including the patients prenatal and birth history, substance abuse by the mother, maternal infect ions, and medications taken during as thoroughly as post-pregnancy. The adolescents history should cover problems of attachment, temperament, aggression, oppositional behavior, attention, and impulse control .Complete investigation of any physical and sexual abuse, both as a victim and perpetrator, should be dealt with in detail. DSM-IV target symptoms, and the course of their development, should be reviewed. The tint and quantity of peer relationships should be assessed . Obtaining information about the patients performance at school is imperative. Data from intelligence testing, achievement test, academic performance, extra-curricular behavior, and interaction as well as other behavioral reports should be gathered and analyzed.Referral for intelligence testing, speech and language assessment, testing for learning disability, and neuro-psychiatric testing may further help in establishing relevancy of the diagnosis and further prognosis and assessment. Family assessment is an esse ntial part of the valuation and should include details of the familys stlye of coping and dealing with situations socioeconomic position of the family as well as history of social and economic stressors, social support, rehabilitation etc should be obtained.How the parent has been dealing with adolescent, managing his behavior, and addressing the disorders relevance to the adoloscents life should be investigated. Any sign of parents harshness towards the adoloscent, abuse/neglect, and any abnormal inconsistency should be noted. A history of family antisocial behaviors, including incarceration, strength and physical or sexual abuse of the patient or other family members should be investigated as all of these have effects on the adolescents ultimate behavior and development.The family should be screened for any history of ADHD, CD, substance use disorders, specific developmental disorders (i. e. , learning disabilities), or any other personality disorders. Also included are any inf ormation on adoptions and placements in foster care and institutions and any behavior experienced there by the patient. An evidence of a physical evaluation specifically within the last twelve months is necessary for prognosis. Physical condition including pulse rate is useful or any medical history is important so that treatment can be planned accordingly.Other medical and neurological conditions, with especial focus on central nervous system (CNS) pathology (head injury, ecstasy disorder, or other CNS illness), chronic illnesses, etc should be evaluated. Any other relevant medical examinations should be conducted during the assessment. As mentioned above an interview with the patient, which can pass the parental interview, should cover the same aspects that are covered in the interview with the family these include family history, the patients personal substance use and sexual history (including sexual abuse of others).DSM-IV target symptoms may be detected by interviewing paren ts and other informants, and perhaps not directly from the patients interview. A close observation of the patients capacity for attachment, trust, and empathy tolerance, anger and expression should be conducted during the interview the patient might convey his/her capacity to show restraint, accept responsibility for actions, and experience of guilt.A close assessment of factors such as cognitive functioning mood, affect, self-esteem, and suicidal potential presence and quality of peer relationships (loner, popular, drug-, crime-, or gang-oriented friends) and disturbances of ideation (inappropriate reactions to the environment, paranoia, dissociative episodes) may be the factors which can differentiate the CD from other disorders .

Public Punishment Essay Essay

Public penalisation is an act or instance of penalizeing. A deterrent is something that discourages or is in intended to discourage someone from an act. In at onces society public punishment is often debated, where as in the 1800s, punishing someone publically was accepted. From community service to standing at intersections with come about written singularitys, public punishment can act as a deterrent or not affect that person at all. Public punishment is often frowned upon, however is effective in some, not all cases, and influences better behavior. Public punishment does not always work. capital of New Jersey General from Chesapeake, Virginia, is a riotous teen whose grades in school were below his parents expectations (Belkin 1). Trentons parents took away his video games, cell phone and made him a work for food indication around his neck in an orange jumpsuit (Belkin 1). His parents stated It was an embarrassment to us that we tried so much to reach him and it seems like everything we did failed (Belkin 1). His parents tried everything they could until they fixed to resort to public punishment (Belkin 1). Trentons guardians gave him the choice of no phone for two weeks or stand on the corner with a residence with his grades posted, that method did not work (Belkin 1). Trenton stated that because when it comes to school its boring (Belkin 1). Public punishment does not always work.Public punishment is often frowned upon because of the humiliation that is brought on with the punishment. Trezhan Blaha, from Elyria, Ohio, learned his lesson when he was caught stealing from the mall (Jackson 1) . Trezhans mother and uncle decided that he should stand on the corner with a sign that read I like to steal and have no respect for my mother or authority (Jackson 1). Blaha stated I was embarrassed but I definitely learned my lesson (Jackson 1). This punishment from Blahas guardians helped him learn his lesson and acted as a deterrent for the future tense.In Fulton County, Georgia, jurist Robinson is starting to crack down on new methods to punish criminals (Romaker 1). Shoplifters and prostitution are just two of many crimes in Fulton County that are being introduced to criminal t-shirts (Romaker 1). The criminal t-shirts are not meant to be a dash statement but serve as a deterrent for other criminals (Romaker 2). The judge in the county who sentences these criminals to wear the t-shirts stated, Public punishment, serves as a deterrent, particularly at a time when more people are being tempted to steal from others (Romaker 1). When the economy went in the tanks, the shoplifting rate went up. To cope with the criminals these judges them neon color shirts with large, black letters announcing their crime (Romaker 2). The judges decided that criminals needed to suffer a little humility (Romaker 2). Wayne Seely, former police officer said Judge Robinson should be commended for saying hes had enough and doing something to discourage peop le from stealing (Romaker 2). These criminal t-shirts are not only happening in Fulton County but in other counties around Georgia (Romaker 2). This public punishment was not only effective but served as a perfect deterrent for future thieves. In some instances public punishment can work very effectively or can not affect the person at all. Trenton General was one of those people whom were not affected by publicpunishment despite having to hold his grades up on a busy intersection. Trezhan and the Fulton County criminals learned their lesson from the humiliation and the stares that came along with the punishment. Not all public punishment does work, but most do. As some would say You do the crime you pay the time. Works CitedBelkin, Lisa. large Grades= Public Punishment The New York Times. The New York Times Company. 18 February 2009. Web 30 Oct 2012. Romaker, Janet. Fashion Police Judge Tailors punishment that fit Criminals to a T. The Blade. Waveson, Ohio. 7 Sept 2012. Wed Oct 20 12. One boys very public punishment Abcolocal .go.com.N.p., 23 Mar. 2012. Web 30 Oct 2012.

Deception Point Page 98

Jesus Christ.The controller looked back at the deck. Delta-Two still hung in the Tritons claws, provided now the sub was suspend over a gaping hole in the deck. His feet dangled over the void. All Tolland had to do was release the claws, and Delta-Two would be next.Okay, the controller barked into the CrypTalk. Hold on. Just hold onRachel stood below on the deck and stared up at the Kiowa. Even from this height the controller sensed the resolve in her eyes. Rachel raised the CrypTalk to her mouth. You still think were bluffing? she said. squall the main switchboard at the NRO. Ask for Jim Samiljan. Hes in P A on the nightshift. I told him everything about the meteorite. He will confirm.Shes giving me a circumstantial name? This did not bode well. Rachel Sexton was no fool, and this was a bluff the controller could check in a matter of seconds. Although the controller knew of no cardinal at the NRO named Jim Samiljan, the organization was enormous. Rachel could quite possibly be t elling the truth. Before ordering the final kill, the controller had to confirm if this was a bluff-or not.Delta-One looked over his shoulder. You want me to inactivate the jammer so you can call and check it out?The controller peered down at Rachel and Tolland, both in plain view. If either of them made a run low for a cellphone or radio, the controller knew Delta-One could always reactivate and cut them by. The risk was minimal.Kill the jammer, the controller said, pulling out a cellphone. Ill confirm Rachels lying. therefore well find a way to get Delta-Two and end this.In Fair telefax, the operator at the NROs central switchboard was getting impatient. As I just told you, I see no Jim Samiljan in the Plans and Analysis Division.The caller was insistent. Have you tried multiple spellings? Have you tried other departments?The operator had already check out, but she checked again. After several seconds, she said, Nowhere on staff do we have a Jim Samiljan. Under any spelling.Th e caller sounded oddly pleased by this. So you are certain the NRO employs no Jim Samil-A sudden flurry of activity erupted on the line. Someone yelled. The caller cursed aloud and promptly hung up.Onboard the Kiowa, Delta-One was screaming with furore as he scrambled to reactivate the jamming system. He had made the realization too late. In the huge array of lighted controls in the cockpit, a tiny LED meter indicated that a SATCOM entropy signal was being transmitted from the Goya. But how? Nobody left the deck Before Delta-One could engage the jammer, the tie from the Goya terminated on its own accord.Inside the hydrolab, the fax machine beeped contentedly.CARRIER FOUND FAX SENT121Kill or be killed. Rachel had discovered a part of herself she never knew existed. Survival mode-a savage fortitude fueled by fear.What was in that outbound fax? the percentage on the CrypTalk de homosexualded.Rachel was relieved to hear proof that the fax had gone out as planned. abandon the area, she demanded, speaking into the CrypTalk and glaring up at the hovering chop shot. Its over. Your secret is out. Rachel informed their attackers of all the information she had just sent. A half dozen pages of images and text. Incontrovertible evidence that the meteorite was a fake. Harming us will only make your situation worse.There was a heavy pause. Who did you send the fax to?Rachel had no intention of answering that question. She and Tolland needed to buy as much time as possible. They had positioned themselves near the opening in the deck, on a hire line with the Triton, making it impossible for the chopper to shoot without hitting the pass dangling in the subs claws.William Pickering, the voice guessed, sounding oddly hopeful. You faxed Pickering.Wrong, Rachel thought. Pickering would have been her first choice, but she had been forced to choose someone else for fear her attackers had already eliminated Pickering-a move whose boldness would be a chilling testimony to her enemys resolve. In a moment of larger-than-life decision, Rachel had faxed the data to the only other fax number she knew by heart.Her sires office.Senator Sextons office fax number had been painfully engraved into Rachels memory after her mothers death when her father chose to work out many of the particulars of the estate without having to deal with Rachel in person. Rachel never imagined she would turn to her father in a time of need, but tonight the man possessed two critical qualities-all the correct political motivations to release the meteorite data without hesitation, and enough clout to call the White House and blackmail them into calling off this kill squad.Although her father was most certainly not in the office at this hour, Rachel knew he kept his office locked like a vault. Rachel had, in effect, faxed the data into a time-lock safe. Even if the attackers knew where she had sent it, chances were slim they could get through the tight federal security at the Philip A. Hart Senate Office Building and break into a senators office without anyone noticing.Wherever you sent the fax, the voice from above said. Youve put that person in danger.Rachel knew she had to speak from a position of power regardless of the fear she was feeling. She motioned to the soldier trapped in the Tritons claws. His legs dangled over the abyss, dripping blood thirty feet to the ocean. The only person in danger here is your agent, she said into the CrypTalk. Its over. Back off. The data is gone. Youve lost. Leave the area, or this man dies.The voice on the CrypTalk fired back, Ms. Sexton, you do not comprehend the importance-Understand? Rachel exploded. I understand that you killed innocent people I understand that you lied about the meteorite And I understand that you wont get away with this Even if you kill us all, its overThere was a long pause. Finally the voice said, Im coming down.Rachel felt her muscles tighten. Coming down?I am unarmed, the voice said. Do not do any thing rash. You and I need to talk face-to-face.Before Rachel could react, the chopper dropped onto the Goyas deck. The passenger door on the fuselage opened and a figure stepped out. He was a plain-looking man in a black coat and tie. For an instant, Rachels thoughts went totally blank.She was agaze at William Pickering.William Pickering stood on the deck of the Goya and gazed with regret at Rachel Sexton. He had never imagined today would come to this. As he moved toward her, he could see the spartan combination of emotions in his employees eyes.Shock, betrayal, confusion, rage.All understandable, he thought. There is so much she does not understand.For a moment, Pickering flashed on his daughter, Diana, wondering what emotions she had felt before she died. Both Diana and Rachel were casualties of the alike(p) war, a war Pickering had vowed to fight forever. Sometimes the casualties could be so cruel.Rachel, Pickering said. We can still work this out. Theres a lot I need to exp lain.Rachel Sexton looked aghast, queasy almost. Tolland had the machine gun now and was aiming at Pickerings chest. He too looked bewildered.Stay back Tolland yelled.Pickering stopped five yards away, focusing on Rachel. Your father is taking bribes, Rachel. Payoffs from snobby space companies. He plans to dismantle NASA and open space to the private sector. He had to be stopped, as a matter of national security.Rachels expression was blank.

Solid Waste Management In India Environmental Sciences Essay

In this study, some jobs in potent down style in India will be discussed every bit good as the attempts made by the authorities and the occupants of India to assist cut down the jobs in pull offing the full-blooded swash generated by the occupants.Backgroundmap_of_india50.jpgIndia is known as one of the most thickly settled states in the universe. It appears to be the 2nd state to hold the highest figure of occupants. With the entire population of 1.2billions, the style of solid drop in India has encountered jobs. Each twelvemonth, the population grew by 3-3.5 % , as this factor arises, the rate of solid expend coevals anyways lift up to 1.3 % . The solid waste direction members in India must form and pull off the direction magnificently in order to supply a better life environs to the worlds, animate beings and workss. An first-class solid waste direction besides helps in supplying a good environment which has gloomy pollutions including air, dirt, and piss pollutions. T herefore, there ar Torahs, regulations, ordinances, statute laws and regulations enforced by the authorities to do the citizens adhere to as one of the ways of pull offing the waste coevals.The chief urban centers in India, Mumbai and sunrise(prenominal) Delhi have appeared to be in the list of 25 Most Dirtiest Cities in The World. Mumbai and New Delhi placed at 7th and 24th topographic points severally which the last mentioned is less soiled.Problem baseless direction is the chief job in India, faced with rapid population growing, disorganisation of metropolis authoritiess, a deficiency of exoteric consciousness and engagement of public. Furthermore the inadequacy municipal solid waste aggregation and improper segregation of municipal solid waste and improper touch of solid waste can besides lend to chief jobs waste direction this is callable to missing of some technique, actions and direction from governments to better municipal solid waste.Effects ON POOR WASTE MANAGEMENTH ealth issue is the major job in India as many of the disease came from the pollutions made by them.Health issue arise due to hapless waste direction for congresswoman is malnutrition, particularly the kids which is the status that develops when the organic structure does non acquire the right quantity of the vitamins, minerals, and other foods it needs to keep healthy tissues and organ map. ( Medical dictionary,2012 )Furthermore, wellness issue much(prenominal) as dandy fever, febrility, Hepatitis, TB, malaria, pneumonia, and besides hapless sanitization due to hapless waste direction.India besides ranked 3rd among the states with the most HIV affected.Due to hapless waste direction by the governments, handiness of clean and galosh H2O is minimized because of people threw rubbish at the river and the quality of life will diminish.PROBLEM Resolution THE MANAGEMENTThere are many attacks make by the state in pull offing the solid waste coevals. One of the ways is by jurisprudence enforcement.These are the Torahs that are regulated in the state One of the governments that responsible is Centre of Environment and Development, Thiruvananthapuram ( CED ) is the Centre of Excellence ( CoE ) of Ministry f Urban Development, Government of India on solid waste and Wastewater direction . The chief aim of the ( CoE ) is to develop the scheme and expressive stylel for solid waste direction ( SWM ) and Wastewater direction ( WWM ) in the Urban local organic structures ( ULBs ) of India and besides to established of a cognition Centre on solid waste and waste H2O direction.Example of waste direction system National Acts of the Apostless and regulationstheme ACTS AND RULESThe waterA ( bar and work of pollution ) Act, 1974The H2O ( bar and command pollution ) regulations,1975The H2O ( bar and command pollution ) CESS ACT, 1977H2O A ( bar and control of pollution ) A CESS RULES, 1978The air ( bar and control of pollution ) act, 1981The environment ( Protection ) Act, 19 86The Bio medical waste ( Management and managing ) regulations, 1998Municipal solid waste ( direction and managing ) regulations 2000The fictile waste ( direction and managing ) regulations, 2011E-wasteA ( direction and managing ) regulations, A 2011EPA -Rule and Implementation Information for Standards of Performance for Municipal Solid Waste LandfillsEPA-Non-hazardous Waste RegulationsEPA Municipal Solid Waste Landfill RegulationsLegislative acts, Regulations, and Regulatory GuidanceExample of waste direction system in province of IndiaThe Karnataka town and state planning act, 1961Shimla municipal corporation ( sanitation and public wellness ) Bye-laws, 2004Municipal Corporation of Brihanmumbai, municipal solid waste ( prohibition of littering and ordinance of segregation, store, bringing & A aggregation ) regulations 2006Greater Mumbai cleanliness and sanitation bye-laws 2006Andrha Pradesh H2O resources regulative committee act Andrha Pradesh H2O reform ( 2009 )TechniqueActi on1.municipal solid wastes aggregationS State authorities should implement a new strategiy which prohibit littering of municipal solid waste in metropoliss towns and urban countries. The undermentioned stairss shall be taken by the municipal authorizationOrganizing door-to-door aggregation of municipal solid wastes through any of the methods, for illustration community bin aggregation ( cardinal bin ) , door-to-door aggregation, aggregation on regular pre-informed timings and programming by utilizing bell tintinnabulation of musical vehicle ( without transcending allowable noise degrees )Planing a systematic manner and united attempt for aggregation of waste from poorness countries or vicinities including hotels, eating houses, office composites and commercial countries.Bio-medical wastes and industrial wastes shall non be combined with municipal solid wastes and such wastes should follow the regulations individually specified for the intent.Horticultural and building or destructio n wastes or debris shall be individually collected and disposed off following proper norms. Similarly, wastes generated at dairies shall be regulated in conformity with the State Torahs.Isolated animate beings such as Canis familiariss and cats shall non be allowed to travel about waste memory board installations or at any other topographic point in the metropolis or town and shall be managed in conformity with the State Torahs.The municipal authorization shall advise waste aggregation agenda in vicinities.2.Segregation of municipal solid wastesSegregation stuffs should be done by municipal authorization by promote recycling and reused waste by create or organized an consciousness plans and run. The municipal authorization shall take in charge phased plans to guarantee community participate in waste segregation programmed. For this intent, the municipal governments shall set up regular meetings at quarterly intervals with representatives of local occupant public assistance associat ions and non-governmental organisations.3.Storage of municipal solid wastesMunicipal governments shall set up and keep storage installations in such a mode as they do non make unhygienic and in healthful conditions around it. There is some illustration standards shall be taken to set uping and keeping storage installationsThe measures of waste coevals should be counted in order to make adequate storage installations in a given country and the population densenesss. Furthermore, a storage installation shall be so located that it is accessible to user.Storage installations to be set up by municipal governments or any other authorization shall be so designed that wastes stored are non exposed to open atmosphere and shall be aesthetically acceptable and user-friendly.4.Transportation system of municipal solid wastesVehicles used for transport of wastes shall be covered. Waste should non be seeable to public, nor exposed to open environment forestalling their sprinkling and unpleasant odor. The undermentioned standards shall be met isThe storage installations set up by municipal governments shall be daily attended for glade of wastes. The bins or containers wherever placed shall be cleaned before they start overruning.5.Processing of municipal solid wastesTo minimize load on landfill the municipal governments shall follow suited engineering or combination techniques to treat the municipal solid waste.The biodegradable wastes shall be processed by composting, vermicomposting, anaerobiotic digestion or any other appropriate biological processing for stabilisation of solid waste.Assorted waste incorporating recoverable resources shall follow the path of recycling. Incineration with or without energy recovery including pelletisation can besides be used for treating wastes in specific instances. Municipal authorization or the operator of a installation want to utilize other state-of-the-art engineerings shall near the Central Pollution Control Board to acquire the c riterions laid down earlier using for grant of mandate.RECCOMENDATIONS horizontal though the state already has Torahs, but there are one job that caused the direction to neglect the overpopulation. India is a underdeveloped state where the population exceeds the bound, low degree of instruction, hapless installations, unstable economic system and hapless hygiene. What our group could urge is encounter the overpopulation job. Overpopulation permits the more waste coevals which adds to more jobs to the preexistent waste direction. The direction must believe increasingly as the rate of the population progresses. Besides, the direction must be able to anticipate the approaching jobs in deference of the promoting rate of population. It is besides recommended that the authorities should set instruction as one of the precedences so that nearing the citizens sing the importance of appreciating the female parent s nature would be easier.

Characters of Zodiac Signs

What argon zodiac condenses? What do these foretokens represent? The zodiac is an annual cycle of twelve station or, ( supports) along the ecliptic, racetrack of the sun and across the heavens and recognized as the first known celestial coordinates system. Zodiac signs consist of twelve sign which are tup the first sign, Taurus, Gemini, Cancer, king of beasts, Virgo, Libra, Scorpio, Sagittarius, Capricorn, Aquarius, and Pisces beingness the last of the signs. Zodiac signs belong to four different elements Fire, Air, Water, and Earth.Fire is a positive element as well as the element air. Fire focuses on a change of form to another, as for air is associated with the spiritual part of life. However earth and water is a negative element. Earth is a solid love with people on earth, as for water tends to mysterious cause water has no shape form or density. How do you know your zodiac sign? When you are innate(p) within a certain day of the month you are automatic totallyy assigned a zodiac sign.For example Aries are born between the days of March 21 thru April 20, Taurus born April 21 thru May 21, Gemini born May 22 thru June 21, Cancer born June 22 thru July 22, Leo born July 23 thru August 21, Virgo born August 22 thru September 23, Libra born September 24 thru October 23, Scorpio born October 24 thru November 22, Sagittarius born November 23 thru December 22, Capricorn born December 23 thru January 20, Aquarius born January 21 thru February 19, Pisces born February 20 thru March 20. However all 12 signs are similar in ways.In my research, I identify my zodiac sign its characters Along with two other zodiac signs that interest e along my research. For my birthday are 14 July, my zodiac sign is the cancer that is symbolized as the crab. Cancers are ruled by the moon, Cancers are very compassionate and caring with friends, family, and lovers, and very emotional. notwithstanding bid the crab, the cancer protects their selves with an emotional shield. Cancers can be very moody that changes with his/her environment. Like the moon it goes through phases, starting with the new phase to the full phase. Cancer excessively goes through similar phases. Most cancers feel one way that day then totally feel different the next day.But this characteristic is part of their charm. Love and romance plays a most important role to a cancer. No other sign romance is better than a cancer, and no other sign takes its emotion badly when things go sour. With their changeable native cancers are fascinating, mysterious, and stimulating personalities. A cancer most secret rely is to feel safe, secure, and spiritual. Cancer is a very sensitive sign other than the other sign. Cancer also is inappreciative to criticism. Aries being the first zodiac sign gave me a great deal of interest due to their trait and characteristic that they hold.Aries are natural born leaders, excellent pioneer, very active and very naive. Aries is ruled by mars and is a fire sign like its element Aries tend to be adventurous and very accident prostrate due to their adventures. Aries live for the thrill in life. Also Aries tend to be a confused sign because of it complex combination of masculine and feminine expression all combined as one. Aries are doer not talker. This is why most Aries tend to have romp in their lives. Another good quality that this sign posse is that it thrives on competition and challenges.Aries are born between, March 21 thru April 20. The third zodiac sign that most interest me is the Libra. Libras are ruled by the planet Venus. Libras are born between, September 24 thru October 23. Virgos are symbolized by a scale. Virgo is the only sign that is not represented by an animal or person and is the seventh zodiac sign. Libras seek equality, humanity, and balanced through life. Like the scale Libras represent balance nature. Libras are peace-loving, eager to learn, and sociable. Therefore this trait Libras has makes it easy for this sign to co mmunication.Libras qualities that it has are very simple. Libras tend to live a no complicated life, make everybody happy lifestyle. The final zodiac sign that grabbed my interest would be the Sagittarius. Which is ruled by the planet Jupiter, which this sign is a fire sign. This sign is very much a unique sign that is symbolized by both man and animal called the archer. Sagittarius are very stern and to the point, like the symbol itself. The Sagittarius is half man and half horse aiming a bow and arrow. The symbol also represents the way of man and animal. Sagittarius are curious learner and very idealistic.This sign is also quick in temper due to it being a fire sign. In culmination, Astrology has been dated back to 2300 B. C. Astrology is a type of prophetic look into the future and past, using the solar system. True astrology is very complex because it can be real or not. Science and astrology are based on two diametrically points of views. Everyday modern science makes new discovery about the cosmos, while knowledge of astrology is based on ancient beliefs, which all that exist and has already been discovered. Traditionally astrology is based relative positions and the movement of the celestial bodies.One thing that astrology claims to provide is the understanding of personal traits and tangible characteristics. Astrology believes that each person has a predestined life and that life can be reflected and be told a story in the sky. In conclusion Zodiac signs are a big part of an astrologist. Astrologers believe that astrology is the missing pages from the biblical bible. Could astrology be fact or fiction? Upon my research on astrology only one who devotes his time into astrology as well as its interest in the solar system would know that answer.

Divorce Across the Lifespan

break crossways the Lifespan Final Paper Elizabeth Seckler for Laurie Bulock FST 602 (Hu musical composition Develop workforcet Across the Lifespan) MAFS-J003 October 27, 2011 I do. Two sm alone course with such a big meaning. Although fewer individuals be marrying today, nearly 90% of Ameri finishs pass on eventually link the knot (Goldstein and Kenney, as cited by Cherlin, 2011, pg. 300). However, the meaning of marri come on is appearing to lose its effect on individuals, as fall apart has become epidemic in the United States (Hoelter, as cited by Santrock, 2011, pg. 459).Since 1960, the decouple rate has alter through the years, increase considerably from 1960 to 1980, then gradually declining from the early 1980s to 2005, but recently increasing from 2005 to 2007 (Popenoe, as cited by Santrock, 2011, pg. 459). disjoin is a major disruption in the family manners-cycling process, adding complexity to whatever shootmental tasks the family member is experiencing in its present phase (Peck and Manocherian, 1988, pg. 335). The negative impact of divorce is so strong that children of part p bents struggle as crowings to create a positive, healthy family environment for their own children.All too oftentimes, adults who see divorce as children prove less capable of breaking the cycle and instead pass on a legacy of tragedy to their children and their childrens children (Fagan and Rector, 2000, pg. 17). Therefore, divorce does not just impact the individual at the time of the dissolution. Instead, divorce negatively impacts an individual in every stage of bread and butter. Infancy Of the stages of development across the lifespan, it whitethorn appear that infants are the least affected by divorce.However, while babies may not learn anything about separation or divorce, they do notice changes in their parents response to them, which impacts future development. According to psychoanalytic theorist, Erik Erikson, who developed eight stages of huma n development, the introductory psychosocial stage experienced in the first year of life is called trust vs. mistrust. Trust in infancy sets the stage for a life enormous expectation that the world depart be a good and pleasant place to live (Santrock, 2011, pg. 23).Therefore, the foundation of all human interactions is trust. The peak to which trust is present will determine the nature and depth, as well as the length of descents. If children develop basic trust, they progress through the rest of the developmental stages in a healthy way. However, if mistrust is the primitive concept developed in infancy (as in a situation of divorce), the subsequent developmental stages are damaged (Rhodes, 2000, pg. 9). Still, Eriksons trust vs. mistrust is not resolved once and for all in the first year of life.Children who carry infancy with a virtuoso of trust disregard still wee-wee their palpate of mistrust activated at a novelr stage if their parents are separated or divorce und er conflicting circumstances (Santrock, 20011, pg. 187). Additionally, babies experience the distress of the parents and become aware of the changes, and comings and goings of both parents and other caretakers as they form emotional ties. The combination of distressed and/or unavailable parents can create demanding or locomote children.As children approach the age of two, their striving toward independence is closely tied to feeling secure with the acquittance of a parent, this security is threatened (Peck & Manocherian, 1988, pg. 347). Early Childhood Parents who are struggling with their own sense of failure, anger, guilt, and expiry involve difficulty providing a stabilizing, consistent environment for their children. This is especially hard for preschoolers who are developmentally showtime to move away from home and toward peers and school.They have the beginnings of a sense of morality, combined with difficulty in distinguishing betwixt their thoughts and reality, and thu s are especially vulnerable to guilt and confusion (Peck & Manocherian, 1988, pg. 347). They may regress developmentally in a number of ways separation anxiety, sleep disturbances, bed wetting, clinginess, fear of any leave taking, and pugnacious fantasies (Wallerstein & Kelly, as cited by Peck & Manocherian, 1988, pg. 347). Middle & Late Childhood The impact of divorce on children of this age is to a greater extent profound (Peck & Manocherian, 1988, pg. 51). Children six to eight seem to have the hardest time of any age company (Wallerstein and Kelly, as cited by Peck & Manocherian, 1988, pg. 351), as they are old enough to realized what is happening, but do not have adequate skills to deal with the disruption. They often feel a sense of responsibility, experience frightful grief, and have a pervasive sadness and yearning for the departed parent. At the same time, they experience hap fantasies of reconciliation and often think that they have the power to make it happen (Peck & Manocherian, 1988, pg. 51). Additionally, children of split up parents have move grades and other measures of academic achievement, are more than apparent to be held back, and are more wishly to puke out of school ( institute for American Values, 2011, pg. 27). Adolescence Adolescence is a stage filled with numerous changes, both physical and emotional. It is a time when children are beginning their own process of leaving home and forming an identity separate from their parents. At the threshold of young adulthood, relationships take center stage (Wallerstein, Lewis and Blakeslee, 2000, pg. 32).However, the divorce of parents make romance and courtship more difficult and tenuous for the adolescence as they reach adulthood, and the personal effects on go out seem to be the strongest when divorce takes place during the childs teenage years (Fagan & Rector, 2000). Older teenagers and young adults date more often, have more failed romantic relationships, and experience a more r apid turn over of dating furnishs. Not surprisingly, this leads to a great number of knowledgeable provides, which in itself creates a grave risk that one will call for an STD (Fagan & Rector, 2000).Because of their own unsettled nature, adolescents reactions to divorce include anger, a desire for a stable home, and a take on for clear boundaries between them and their parents (Peck & Manocherian, 1988, pg. 354). For those teenagers who were already having difficulties, divorce creates an added burden, increasing the risk of emotional problems. In addition to the sexual acting out and multiple partners, children at this age may engage in self-destructive behavior, such as truancy, school failure and substance abuse, (Peck & Manocherian, 1988, pg. 354). Emerging AdulthoodWhile the effects on dating seem to be the strongest when the divorce takes place during the childs teenage years, they also carry over into adulthood (Fagan & Rector, 2000). In a twenty-five year study, Judith Wallerstein (2000) found that the effects of divorce on children crescendo as they enter adulthood. Their relationships with the opposite sex were often impaired by acute fears of betrayal and abandonment, and many also complained that they had never witnessed a man and a woman in a happy relationship and doubted that achieving such a relationship was possible (Wallerstein, Lewis and Blakeslee, 2000, pg. 2). A recent growth of cohabitation flows in part from the qualifying of confidence that many children of divorce have in unification. Having witnessed divorce up close, many young adults are afraid that they will not achieve lifelong love and they feel handicapped in their hunt for love and marriage by their lack of models of a happy relationship between a man and a woman, their lack of knowledge about how to resolve differences, and their expectation of betrayal and abandonment by their partner (Institute for American Values, 2011, pg. 3). In addition, parental divorce increase s the odds by 50 percent that adult children who do choose to marry will also divorce this is partly because children of divorce are more likely to marry prematurely and partly because children of divorce often marry other children of divorce, thereby making their marriage even more unstable and uncertain (Institute for American Values, 2011, pg. 19). Because of increased life expectancy, a growing trend is divorce in families with children being launched (Peck & Manocherian, 1988, pg. 56). While divorce in childhood affects the development of emerging adulthood, a parental divorce in emerging adulthood has a profound impact, as well. When children are no longer the major focus of a couple, marriages become vulnerable and a decision is made to divorce. It may be that divorce occurs when parents who have stayed together for the children now feel free to end a long and unhappy marriage (Peck & Manocherian, 1988, pg. 357).Despite the fact that they may be out of the parental home, divo rce can be very stressful for young adults, with a sense of increased responsibility to their parents and a vulnerability to loyalty conflicts. In addition, young adults may experience a sense of loss of family home, abandonment by parents, and a concern about their own marriage (Ahrons, as cited by Peck & Manocherian, 1988, pg. 356). The biggest risk for the adult child is when the parents hold on to them or assume the role of substitute spouse to fill the loneliness.When the parents are unable to make a meaningful unseasoned start, the children may have difficulty moving before with their own lives (Peck & Manocherian, 1988, pg. 357). Middle Adulthood Divorce in middle adulthood may be more negative than divorce in early adulthood (Santrock, 2011, pg. 515). When divorce occurs for the couple in later life, it reverberates like a shock wave throughout the entire family and there may be three generations of family members whose lives will be modify by divorce (Peck & Manocherian , 1988, pg. 59). The childrens reactions and perceived responsibilities become key aspects of the divorce-adjustment process during this phase. distributively parent may want to become reinvolved with the children in a way that is inappropriate in a role reversal, children may now feel burdened by their parents (Peck & Manocherian, 1988, pg. 359). In addition, the emotional and time committal to marriage that had existed for so many years may be not lightly given up by one partner (Santrock, 2011, pg. 515).Many midlife individuals perceive a divorce as failing in the best years of their life. The divorcer might see the situation as an escape from an unsustainable relationship, but the break partner usually sees it as a betrayal, or the ending of a relationship that had been built up over many years and that involved a great deal of commitment and trust (Santrock, 2011, pg. 515). An unwanted, unexpected divorce at this stage is traumatic, even when the marriage has been unsatisfac tory to each for many years.Starting over as a single person is very difficult, particularly when there is not a clear sense of identity apart from the roles within the marriage. It is especially hard to find renewed meaning in life at this stage of the lifespan (Peck & Manocherian, 1988, pg. 359). Additionally, divorce has negative emotional effects on both divorced men and women as they complain of loneliness, diminished self-esteem, anxiety about the unknowns in their lives, and difficulty forming satisfactory new intimate relationships (Hetherington, as cited by Santrock, 2011, pg. 460).A recent study reveled that following matrimonial dissolution, both men and women were more likely to experience an episode of depression than individuals who remained with a spouse over a biennial period (Rotermann, as cited by Santrock, 2011, pg. 460). Other impacts include the lowering of the economic standing of some middle-aged and older women who have a limited number of options (Mitchell , as cited by Santrock, 2011, pg. 515). Late Adulthood As stated in infancy, Erikson developed eight stages of human development. Individuals experience the eighth stage, integrity versus despair, in late adulthood.This stage involves reflecting on the past and either piecing together a positive review or think that ones life has not been well spent (Santrock, 2011, pg. 594). A well-adjusted older adult feels acceptance with his life and choices however, when an individual is embroiled in divorce, he has despair and regret over their marital outcomes, thus not experiencing his full potential at this last stage of development. Additionally, in this stage of life, the divorced individuals parents may be dead, and their children and siblings involved with their own lives.As a result, they may feel very single out from their usual social network and that their opportunities are limited. If one spouse has been left by the other, he often feels ashamed, humiliated, and as a result may i solate himself from former ties and may not have the cipher or desire to form new relationships (Peck & Manocherian, 1988, pg. 360). Furthermore, there are social, financial, and physical consequences of divorce for older adults (Mitchell, as cited by Santrock, 2011, pg. 607). Divorce can weaken kinship ties when it occurs in later life, especially in the caseful of older men (Cooney, as cited by Santrock, 2011, pg. 07), and divorced older women are less likely to have adequate financial resources than married older women (Santrock, 2011, pg. 607). Divorce is also linked to more health problems in older adults (Lillard & Waite, as cited by Santrock, 2011, pg. 607). Why do individuals who are happily married live longer, healthy lives than divorced individuals? People in happy marriages likely feel less physically stressed, which puts less have and tear on a persons body such wear and tear can lead to numerous physical ailments, such as high blood pressure and hart illness (Wait e, as cited by Santrock, 011, pg. 459). Conclusion Divorce has universal ill effects on individuals in all stages of life development. If the family is the building block of society, then marriage is the foundation. However, as fewer adults enter into marriage, more adults leave it in divorce, and more adults begin cohabitating, the foundation of marriage is growing weaker and weaker (Fagan & Rector, 2000, pg. 32). It is best stated by Wallerstein et al. (2000) Divorce is a life-transforming experience. After divorce, childhood is different. Adolescence is different.Adulthood- with the decision to marry or not and have children or not- is different. Whether the final exam outcome is god or bad, the whole trajectory of an individuals life is profoundly altered by the divorce experience. Marriage is not merely a private preference, but also a social and public good. Concerned citizens, as well as scholars, need to be aware of the long-run consequences of divorces happening every day in America and the implications it has on the stages of development across the lifespan. References Cherlin, A. J. (2011).The deinstitutionalization of American marriage. In A. Guest (Ed. ), Taking Sides Clashing views in life span development (3rd ed. , pp. 294-307). New York McGraw-Hill Fagan, P. F. , & Rector R. (2000). The effects of divorce on America (Research Report No. 1373). Retrieved from the Heritage Foundation website http//www. heritage. org/library/ backgrounder/bg1373. html Institute for American Values. (2011). Why marriage matters, thirty conclusions from the social sciences . New York Institute for American Values. Peck, J. S. amp Manocherian, J. R. (1988). Divorce in the changing family life cycle. In B. Carter and M. McGoldrick (Ed. ), Changing family life cycle a framework for family therapy (2nd ed. , pp. 335-369). scholar Hall College Div Rhodes, J. L. (2000, Winter). The impact of divorce across the developmental stages. Paradigm, winter 2000. Retrieved from http//www. sequeltsi. com/files/library/The_Impact_of_ Divorce_on_Development. pdf Santrock, J. W. (2011). Life-span development (13th ed. ). New York McGraw-Hill Wallerstein, J. S. , Lewis, J. M. , and

Cartography Essay

How do the conventional choropleth technique and the unclassed choropleth technique differ? The conventional chorophleth technique groups the information values into classes with an unique areal symbol in the unclassed choropleth technique each value is symbolized by its own unique areal symbol.When employing the conventional choropleth technique, approximately how many classes should you enjoyment? In the conventional choropleth technique you should use 4-6 classes. If you had a shapefile consisting of states of the United States, how would you occasion a new shapefile of exclusively the New England states? To create a new shape file for New England you should right- chink countries in the Table of limit, select Data, then Export Data. Export data window will open, where you should percolate the catalog browser button to select where you want to save your file. You should name the file New England and fathom ok.If your attribute table contained ii field, Population and Ar ea (in square miles), how would you create a choropleth map of the derived value of Population Density (persons per square mile)? To create a choropleth map with two different fields you have to normalize your informations. You should open the proprieties window and with the population field select from the normalization list. You have to create a new value by dividing the value field (area) by the normalization field (population). and then you should right-click on mavin of the ranges then select Format Labels, and in the Number Format window, select Rate. In the numeric option window you should put 1 decimal rounding. Check the Pad with zeros checkbox, and finally put to work a color selection.What are the categorization schemes available in ArcMap? There are six automatically-calculated classification schemes in ArcMap Equal Interval, Defined Interval, Quantile, Natural Breaks (Jenks), Geometrical Interval, and Standard Deviation.When symbolizing your areas, how can you cer ebration the names of the available color ramps? You should right-click on the color ramp and deselect Graphic View from the context menu, and then click on the color ramp to view the drop-down list.How can you automatically round the legend values to two decimal places? You have to check the Pad with zeros checkbox in the Numeric Option window (Layer propertiesNumber FormatNumeric Option).How can you view descriptive statistics and a histogram of your data from within the Symbology tab of the Layer Properties window? To view a descriptive statistic and histogram from the symbology tab of the layer properties window you should click on the classification button and a classification window will open showing the Classification Statistics box, which shows the descriptive statistics for the values being classified and a histogram of the data which includes lines showing the upper limit of each class.How do you resize your data frame to specific dimensions in the layout? You can resize your data frame to specific dimensions in the layout by clicking and dragging one of the coat or adjusting the size of the frame in the Data Frame Properties window.In choropleth mapping, and thematic mapping in general, what is commonly used as the legend title? Map titles for thematic maps generally have one or more of the following items (1) the subject matter of the map, (2) the location being mapped, and the (3) year or condemnation period of the subject matter.

How Does Iago Corrup Othello in Shakespear’s Othello

Finally, the most ethical way Iago poisons Othellos mentality is by changing the seeance of reality. He will cover it up with lies and Othello will be forced to believe him because he will be too submerged in doubt and suspicion to see the truth. In act 3, dead reckoning 3, when Cassion parts from Desdemona, Iago makes it appear as if Cassio err away so guilty-like(Shakespe argon, act 3, scene 3) because he did not want to be seen with Desdemona. While it appears really bad from Othello point of view, the reality of it is completely different.Cassio, who has been demoted, wishes to gain back his good will with Othello with Desdemonas help. Iago tricks Othello by making him believe that every seemingly harmless encounter between Cassio and Desdemona are actually lies and that they are seeing each other behind his back. To the readers of the play it is quite obvious the nature of their encounter hardly to Othello who judges with eyes clouded by jealousy, he can only see the harm universe d genius. Othello is unable to make a rational decision because he is too deep in madness. Iago has poisoned his mind and ruined his judgement.To further poison Othellos mind, Iago will set up Cassio and Othello. In act 4, scene 1, while Othello is hidden in the shadows Iago approaches Cassio and starts a conversation with him. Othello believes the base of the conversation will be near his wife Desdemona because it is what Iago told him he would do interrogate Cassio closely Desdemona. But the reality of it is different. Iago is actually talking to Cassio about Bianca. Othello is caught up in the illusion he now truly believes that Desdemona is unfaithful towards him. Jealousy clouds ones mind.Othello in able to see that Iago is playing him he is too deep in his own illusions to strike out that he is being used. Because Othellos judgement is clouded, Iago is able to make things appear differently. With his rational thinking gone, Othello is unequal to(p) of differenci ng reality from lies. The more he is poison, the more he degrades. His speech deteriorates, he has epileptic attacks and burst into rage. His actions are proof of his mental state. He is turmoil because of what Iago has make him believe, because of what Iago has made him see.Not only does Iago make scenes appear differently, he himself is an example of appearance vs. reality. Trough out the eyes of the other characters in the play, Iago appears full of love life and honesty Othello even says that Iago is most honest. In Criminal Types in Shakespeare, August Goll cites Iago appears to every one as the clever head, the man who knows the world and sees things clearly, who describes things as he sees them without mincing matters-the free-spoken, honest friend rash and rough for this reason they all seek him in their various difficulties, Desdemona, Cassio, Emilia, Roderigo. (Goll, 218) Iago makes himself appear intentioned to the feeling of others. When they are face with difficultie s he offers them advices. Othello looks to Iago for advice on how to deal with the situation he faces, he asks him to help him in his vengeance. Iago true genius is someone who is egocentric, full of malice. He only thinks about himself. He does not help the Moor with good intention he believes that he cheated with his wife and thus wishes to get his revenge. He does not give advice to Cassio because he feels obliged to help a comrade he does it to fulfill his plan.To conclude, Iago is one of Shakespeare most vile villain. He made Othello fall into despair he made him believe that Desdemona was unfaithful to him when it was nothing but lies. He used many tricks to poison Othellos mind, he became his friend with him and trick him, and he withheld information from him and made things appear differently. With his superior intellect, he manipulated Othello like a puppet. Manipulators are among us. Would you be able to tell if you were manipulated? induce CITEDBROCK, James Harry Ernest, Iago & some Shakespearean Villians, late York, AMS Press, 1973 COE, Charles Norton, Shakespearess Villains, New York, AMS Press, 1972 GOLL, August, Criminal Types in Shakespeare, New York, Haskell House, 1966 NAZARE-AGA, Isabelle, Les Manipulateurs sont parmis nous Qui sont-ils? Comment sen protger?, Montreal, Les ditions de LHomme, 1997 SHAKESPEARE, William, Othello, New York, Washington Square Press, 1993 WEILGART, Wolfgang J. Shakespeare Pschognostic Character developing and Transformation, AMS Press, 1972 Jalousie Illusoir, 2010, http//www.worldlingo.com/ma/enwiki/fr/Delusional_jealousy, consulted on November 9th 2010

Hydraulic Fracturing

Is hydrologic fracturing a suitable form of zero return? all everyplace the knightly 85 years, the American Petroleum Institute, API, has been developing and refining engineering standards and practices for the industry. The past go has brought rough a new practice which involves hydraulic fracturing in order to produce crude oil and inseparable blow in places where conventional technologies atomic number 18 ineffective. This is a rather in depth process. Firstly, a toil apply is drilled by means of the rock layers to intersect the blacken seem that contains coal bed methane, CBM.Next, splits are created or existing fractures are enlarged in the coal seem so that the CBM can be pull from the well and pumped to the surface. These fractures are created or enlarged by using a four-ply weewee-based nomadic which is gradually ontogenesis by rate and pressure. Then, over time the coal seam is ineffective to donjon up with the fracturing fluid which results in high p ressure causing the coal to fracture along the weaknesses within. guts is pumped into these fractures to keep them propped open after the pressures are released.The first diagram in the accessory shows what occurs in the subsurface during a typical hydraulic fracturing event. After a period of fluid recuperation or ground peeing extraction is when the extraction of CBM occurs. As pumping slip bys, the pressure eventually decreases so that the methane desorbs from the coal, flows and is extracted through the introduce well. The fracture created acts as a conduit in the rock or coal formation, allowing the CBM to flow more(prenominal) freely from the coal seems through the fracture system and to the production where gas is pumped to the surface.Unlike conventional gas production, the follow of water extracted declines proportionally with increasing CBM production (US EPA, 2004). The demand of natural gas is expected to increase drastically over the next 20 years, causing the n eed for innovative production to fill the growing demand. some may believe that there are other ways to fulfill the need of natural gas, receivable to production concerns, but this is a suitable form of energy production. Hydraulic fracturing should be calld because it leave behind leave a significant increase in jobs, economic growth, and nifty fervent energy.The Keystone XL cable has had much controversy in the news recently. This pipeline is an extension onto the existing pipeline data track from Canada to the coupled States. The pipeline would increase bare-ass oil capacity between the two countries allowing for a more respective(a) supply among the United States worldwide crude oil sources, shorten the transportation pathway for crude oil supplies, and increase the crude oil supplies from a major non-organization of petroleum exporting countries producer. The use of hydraulic fracturing depart help make our country more energy self-reliant and more secure (Green, 2012).This didactics was make by the API President and CEO, Jack Gerard during the second State of American Energy event January 4. He in addition proceeded to state that the United States resources on and offshore are among the largest in the world. This sum that with the practiced policies in place, there could be 100 percent of our liquid fuel needs supplied domesticatedally and from Canada by 2026. Also, with a pro-energy development approach 1 million new US jobs by 2018 could be produced along with billions of dollars in additional revenue to government (Green, 2012).The increase in jobs from this production is approximately 334,000 in the past two years after the 3 million manufacturing jobs lost from 2001-2007. Hydraulic fracturing has rapidly increased the domestic production of natural gas and has seen low domestic prices for households. Figure five below shows the increase in production rates over the last several years (Green, 2012). The oppositions to this vision a re generally governmental on an ecological level. In order for the process to run smoothly water use is needed. galore(postnominal) think that the water used for hydraulic fracturing could deplete fresh water supplies and impact aquatic habitat. whatever also say that the groundwater could be contaminated. Some hydraulic fracturing fluids can also contain chemicals. typically a mixture of water, proppants and chemicals are what is pumped into the rock or coal to fracture the wells. Eco-friendly leaders and environmentalists are pickings a stand to state that these chemicals, use of water and damage to groundwater are not welcome and this energy method should not be used. Firstly, chemicals typically make up just 0. and 2% of the make out hoi polloi of the fracturing fluid with the majority being water. Secondly, natural gas emits fewer greenhouse gases than other dodo fuels, active half as much of carbon dioxide as coal which contributes to less global warming. Thirdly, with the gimpy of fracturing in some states due to pressures from environmental and public health groups asking the EPA for tests and proof that it is safe to continue with this fictitious character of energy production, supporters are concerned that it could hinder U. S. job growth and energy output in a time of need (McLendon, 2010).The tests from the EPA will take roughly two years, so until then it is a time lag process. As you can see, this is a roughly new energy production that does need to be researched more. From my extremum of view the pros seem to outweigh the cons. I think more tests and actual data close to defilement and whether it is really safe will be the true test. The increase in jobs, economic growth, and clean burning energy is most definitely what this country needs right now. The true outlook on this issue will come towards the later part of this year when the test results conclude. ReferencesGreen, M. (2012, January 05). Starting the energy debate. Retrieve d from http//energytomorrow. org/blog/starting-the-energy-debate/ McLendon, R. (2010, celestial latitude 10). Big frack attack Is hydraulic fracturing safe?. Retrieved from http//www. mnn. com/earth-matters/translating-uncle-sam/stories/big-frack-attack-is-hydraulic-fracturing-safe US EPA. (2004, June). Evaluation of impacts to underground sources of drinking water by hydraulic fracturing of coalbed methane reservoirs. Retrieved from http//www. epa. gov/safewater/uic/pdfs/cbmstudy_attach_uic_exec_summ. pdf AppendixHydraulic FracturingIs hydrologic fracturing a suitable form of energy production? Over the past 85 years, the American Petroleum Institute, API, has been developing and refining engineering standards and practices for the industry. The past decade has brought about a new practice which involves hydraulic fracturing in order to produce oil and natural gas in places where conventional technologies are ineffective. This is a rather in depth process. Firstly, a production dri ll is drilled through the rock layers to intersect the coal seem that contains coal bed methane, CBM.Next, fractures are created or existing fractures are enlarged in the coal seem so that the CBM can be drawn from the well and pumped to the surface. These fractures are created or enlarged by using a thick water-based fluid which is gradually increased by rate and pressure. Then, over time the coal seam is unable to keep up with the fracturing fluid which results in high pressure causing the coal to fracture along the weaknesses within. Sand is pumped into these fractures to keep them propped open after the pressures are released.The first diagram in the appendix shows what occurs in the subsurface during a typical hydraulic fracturing event. After a period of fluid recovery or groundwater extraction is when the extraction of CBM occurs. As pumping continues, the pressure eventually decreases so that the methane desorbs from the coal, flows and is extracted through the production we ll. The fracture created acts as a conduit in the rock or coal formation, allowing the CBM to flow more freely from the coal seems through the fracture system and to the production where gas is pumped to the surface.Unlike conventional gas production, the amount of water extracted declines proportionally with increasing CBM production (US EPA, 2004). The demand of natural gas is expected to increase drastically over the next 20 years, causing the need for innovative production to fill the growing demand. Many may believe that there are other ways to fulfill the need of natural gas, due to production concerns, but this is a suitable form of energy production. Hydraulic fracturing should be used because it will provide a significant increase in jobs, economic growth, and clean burning energy.The Keystone XL pipeline has had much controversy in the news recently. This pipeline is an extension onto the existing pipeline running from Canada to the United States. The pipeline would increa se crude oil capacity between the two countries allowing for a more diverse supply among the United States worldwide crude oil sources, shorten the transportation pathway for crude oil supplies, and increase the crude oil supplies from a major non-organization of petroleum exporting countries producer. The use of hydraulic fracturing will help make our country more energy self-reliant and more secure (Green, 2012).This statement was made by the API President and CEO, Jack Gerard during the second State of American Energy event January 4. He also proceeded to state that the United States resources on and offshore are among the largest in the world. This means that with the right policies in place, there could be 100 percent of our liquid fuel needs supplied domestically and from Canada by 2026. Also, with a pro-energy development approach 1 million new US jobs by 2018 could be produced along with billions of dollars in additional revenue to government (Green, 2012).The increase in jo bs from this production is approximately 334,000 in the past two years after the 3 million manufacturing jobs lost from 2001-2007. Hydraulic fracturing has rapidly increased the domestic production of natural gas and has seen low domestic prices for households. Figure five below shows the increase in production rates over the last several years (Green, 2012). The oppositions to this vision are primarily political on an ecological level. In order for the process to run smoothly water use is needed.Many think that the water used for hydraulic fracturing could deplete fresh water supplies and impact aquatic habitat. Some also say that the groundwater could be contaminated. Some hydraulic fracturing fluids can also contain chemicals. Typically a mixture of water, proppants and chemicals are what is pumped into the rock or coal to fracture the wells. Eco-friendly leaders and environmentalists are taking a stand to state that these chemicals, use of water and damage to groundwater are not acceptable and this energy method should not be used. Firstly, chemicals typically make up just 0. and 2% of the total volume of the fracturing fluid with the majority being water. Secondly, natural gas emits fewer greenhouse gases than other fossil fuels, about half as much of carbon dioxide as coal which contributes to less global warming. Thirdly, with the halting of fracturing in some states due to pressures from environmental and public health groups asking the EPA for tests and proof that it is safe to continue with this type of energy production, supporters are concerned that it could hinder U. S. job growth and energy output in a time of need (McLendon, 2010).The tests from the EPA will take roughly two years, so until then it is a waiting process. As you can see, this is a roughly new energy production that does need to be researched more. From my point of view the pros seem to outweigh the cons. I think more tests and actual data about contamination and whether it is real ly safe will be the true test. The increase in jobs, economic growth, and clean burning energy is most definitely what this country needs right now. The true outlook on this issue will come towards the later part of this year when the test results conclude. ReferencesGreen, M. (2012, January 05). Starting the energy debate. Retrieved from http//energytomorrow. org/blog/starting-the-energy-debate/ McLendon, R. (2010, December 10). Big frack attack Is hydraulic fracturing safe?. Retrieved from http//www. mnn. com/earth-matters/translating-uncle-sam/stories/big-frack-attack-is-hydraulic-fracturing-safe US EPA. (2004, June). Evaluation of impacts to underground sources of drinking water by hydraulic fracturing of coalbed methane reservoirs. Retrieved from http//www. epa. gov/safewater/uic/pdfs/cbmstudy_attach_uic_exec_summ. pdf Appendix