Divorce Across the Lifespan

break crossways the Lifespan Final Paper Elizabeth Seckler for Laurie Bulock FST 602 (Hu musical composition Develop workforcet Across the Lifespan) MAFS-J003 October 27, 2011 I do. Two sm alone course with such a big meaning. Although fewer individuals be marrying today, nearly 90% of Ameri finishs pass on eventually link the knot (Goldstein and Kenney, as cited by Cherlin, 2011, pg. 300). However, the meaning of marri come on is appearing to lose its effect on individuals, as fall apart has become epidemic in the United States (Hoelter, as cited by Santrock, 2011, pg. 459).Since 1960, the decouple rate has alter through the years, increase considerably from 1960 to 1980, then gradually declining from the early 1980s to 2005, but recently increasing from 2005 to 2007 (Popenoe, as cited by Santrock, 2011, pg. 459). disjoin is a major disruption in the family manners-cycling process, adding complexity to whatever shootmental tasks the family member is experiencing in its present phase (Peck and Manocherian, 1988, pg. 335). The negative impact of divorce is so strong that children of part p bents struggle as crowings to create a positive, healthy family environment for their own children.All too oftentimes, adults who see divorce as children prove less capable of breaking the cycle and instead pass on a legacy of tragedy to their children and their childrens children (Fagan and Rector, 2000, pg. 17). Therefore, divorce does not just impact the individual at the time of the dissolution. Instead, divorce negatively impacts an individual in every stage of bread and butter. Infancy Of the stages of development across the lifespan, it whitethorn appear that infants are the least affected by divorce.However, while babies may not learn anything about separation or divorce, they do notice changes in their parents response to them, which impacts future development. According to psychoanalytic theorist, Erik Erikson, who developed eight stages of huma n development, the introductory psychosocial stage experienced in the first year of life is called trust vs. mistrust. Trust in infancy sets the stage for a life enormous expectation that the world depart be a good and pleasant place to live (Santrock, 2011, pg. 23).Therefore, the foundation of all human interactions is trust. The peak to which trust is present will determine the nature and depth, as well as the length of descents. If children develop basic trust, they progress through the rest of the developmental stages in a healthy way. However, if mistrust is the primitive concept developed in infancy (as in a situation of divorce), the subsequent developmental stages are damaged (Rhodes, 2000, pg. 9). Still, Eriksons trust vs. mistrust is not resolved once and for all in the first year of life.Children who carry infancy with a virtuoso of trust disregard still wee-wee their palpate of mistrust activated at a novelr stage if their parents are separated or divorce und er conflicting circumstances (Santrock, 20011, pg. 187). Additionally, babies experience the distress of the parents and become aware of the changes, and comings and goings of both parents and other caretakers as they form emotional ties. The combination of distressed and/or unavailable parents can create demanding or locomote children.As children approach the age of two, their striving toward independence is closely tied to feeling secure with the acquittance of a parent, this security is threatened (Peck & Manocherian, 1988, pg. 347). Early Childhood Parents who are struggling with their own sense of failure, anger, guilt, and expiry involve difficulty providing a stabilizing, consistent environment for their children. This is especially hard for preschoolers who are developmentally showtime to move away from home and toward peers and school.They have the beginnings of a sense of morality, combined with difficulty in distinguishing betwixt their thoughts and reality, and thu s are especially vulnerable to guilt and confusion (Peck & Manocherian, 1988, pg. 347). They may regress developmentally in a number of ways separation anxiety, sleep disturbances, bed wetting, clinginess, fear of any leave taking, and pugnacious fantasies (Wallerstein & Kelly, as cited by Peck & Manocherian, 1988, pg. 347). Middle & Late Childhood The impact of divorce on children of this age is to a greater extent profound (Peck & Manocherian, 1988, pg. 51). Children six to eight seem to have the hardest time of any age company (Wallerstein and Kelly, as cited by Peck & Manocherian, 1988, pg. 351), as they are old enough to realized what is happening, but do not have adequate skills to deal with the disruption. They often feel a sense of responsibility, experience frightful grief, and have a pervasive sadness and yearning for the departed parent. At the same time, they experience hap fantasies of reconciliation and often think that they have the power to make it happen (Peck & Manocherian, 1988, pg. 51). Additionally, children of split up parents have move grades and other measures of academic achievement, are more than apparent to be held back, and are more wishly to puke out of school ( institute for American Values, 2011, pg. 27). Adolescence Adolescence is a stage filled with numerous changes, both physical and emotional. It is a time when children are beginning their own process of leaving home and forming an identity separate from their parents. At the threshold of young adulthood, relationships take center stage (Wallerstein, Lewis and Blakeslee, 2000, pg. 32).However, the divorce of parents make romance and courtship more difficult and tenuous for the adolescence as they reach adulthood, and the personal effects on go out seem to be the strongest when divorce takes place during the childs teenage years (Fagan & Rector, 2000). Older teenagers and young adults date more often, have more failed romantic relationships, and experience a more r apid turn over of dating furnishs. Not surprisingly, this leads to a great number of knowledgeable provides, which in itself creates a grave risk that one will call for an STD (Fagan & Rector, 2000).Because of their own unsettled nature, adolescents reactions to divorce include anger, a desire for a stable home, and a take on for clear boundaries between them and their parents (Peck & Manocherian, 1988, pg. 354). For those teenagers who were already having difficulties, divorce creates an added burden, increasing the risk of emotional problems. In addition to the sexual acting out and multiple partners, children at this age may engage in self-destructive behavior, such as truancy, school failure and substance abuse, (Peck & Manocherian, 1988, pg. 354). Emerging AdulthoodWhile the effects on dating seem to be the strongest when the divorce takes place during the childs teenage years, they also carry over into adulthood (Fagan & Rector, 2000). In a twenty-five year study, Judith Wallerstein (2000) found that the effects of divorce on children crescendo as they enter adulthood. Their relationships with the opposite sex were often impaired by acute fears of betrayal and abandonment, and many also complained that they had never witnessed a man and a woman in a happy relationship and doubted that achieving such a relationship was possible (Wallerstein, Lewis and Blakeslee, 2000, pg. 2). A recent growth of cohabitation flows in part from the qualifying of confidence that many children of divorce have in unification. Having witnessed divorce up close, many young adults are afraid that they will not achieve lifelong love and they feel handicapped in their hunt for love and marriage by their lack of models of a happy relationship between a man and a woman, their lack of knowledge about how to resolve differences, and their expectation of betrayal and abandonment by their partner (Institute for American Values, 2011, pg. 3). In addition, parental divorce increase s the odds by 50 percent that adult children who do choose to marry will also divorce this is partly because children of divorce are more likely to marry prematurely and partly because children of divorce often marry other children of divorce, thereby making their marriage even more unstable and uncertain (Institute for American Values, 2011, pg. 19). Because of increased life expectancy, a growing trend is divorce in families with children being launched (Peck & Manocherian, 1988, pg. 56). While divorce in childhood affects the development of emerging adulthood, a parental divorce in emerging adulthood has a profound impact, as well. When children are no longer the major focus of a couple, marriages become vulnerable and a decision is made to divorce. It may be that divorce occurs when parents who have stayed together for the children now feel free to end a long and unhappy marriage (Peck & Manocherian, 1988, pg. 357).Despite the fact that they may be out of the parental home, divo rce can be very stressful for young adults, with a sense of increased responsibility to their parents and a vulnerability to loyalty conflicts. In addition, young adults may experience a sense of loss of family home, abandonment by parents, and a concern about their own marriage (Ahrons, as cited by Peck & Manocherian, 1988, pg. 356). The biggest risk for the adult child is when the parents hold on to them or assume the role of substitute spouse to fill the loneliness.When the parents are unable to make a meaningful unseasoned start, the children may have difficulty moving before with their own lives (Peck & Manocherian, 1988, pg. 357). Middle Adulthood Divorce in middle adulthood may be more negative than divorce in early adulthood (Santrock, 2011, pg. 515). When divorce occurs for the couple in later life, it reverberates like a shock wave throughout the entire family and there may be three generations of family members whose lives will be modify by divorce (Peck & Manocherian , 1988, pg. 59). The childrens reactions and perceived responsibilities become key aspects of the divorce-adjustment process during this phase. distributively parent may want to become reinvolved with the children in a way that is inappropriate in a role reversal, children may now feel burdened by their parents (Peck & Manocherian, 1988, pg. 359). In addition, the emotional and time committal to marriage that had existed for so many years may be not lightly given up by one partner (Santrock, 2011, pg. 515).Many midlife individuals perceive a divorce as failing in the best years of their life. The divorcer might see the situation as an escape from an unsustainable relationship, but the break partner usually sees it as a betrayal, or the ending of a relationship that had been built up over many years and that involved a great deal of commitment and trust (Santrock, 2011, pg. 515). An unwanted, unexpected divorce at this stage is traumatic, even when the marriage has been unsatisfac tory to each for many years.Starting over as a single person is very difficult, particularly when there is not a clear sense of identity apart from the roles within the marriage. It is especially hard to find renewed meaning in life at this stage of the lifespan (Peck & Manocherian, 1988, pg. 359). Additionally, divorce has negative emotional effects on both divorced men and women as they complain of loneliness, diminished self-esteem, anxiety about the unknowns in their lives, and difficulty forming satisfactory new intimate relationships (Hetherington, as cited by Santrock, 2011, pg. 460).A recent study reveled that following matrimonial dissolution, both men and women were more likely to experience an episode of depression than individuals who remained with a spouse over a biennial period (Rotermann, as cited by Santrock, 2011, pg. 460). Other impacts include the lowering of the economic standing of some middle-aged and older women who have a limited number of options (Mitchell , as cited by Santrock, 2011, pg. 515). Late Adulthood As stated in infancy, Erikson developed eight stages of human development. Individuals experience the eighth stage, integrity versus despair, in late adulthood.This stage involves reflecting on the past and either piecing together a positive review or think that ones life has not been well spent (Santrock, 2011, pg. 594). A well-adjusted older adult feels acceptance with his life and choices however, when an individual is embroiled in divorce, he has despair and regret over their marital outcomes, thus not experiencing his full potential at this last stage of development. Additionally, in this stage of life, the divorced individuals parents may be dead, and their children and siblings involved with their own lives.As a result, they may feel very single out from their usual social network and that their opportunities are limited. If one spouse has been left by the other, he often feels ashamed, humiliated, and as a result may i solate himself from former ties and may not have the cipher or desire to form new relationships (Peck & Manocherian, 1988, pg. 360). Furthermore, there are social, financial, and physical consequences of divorce for older adults (Mitchell, as cited by Santrock, 2011, pg. 607). Divorce can weaken kinship ties when it occurs in later life, especially in the caseful of older men (Cooney, as cited by Santrock, 2011, pg. 07), and divorced older women are less likely to have adequate financial resources than married older women (Santrock, 2011, pg. 607). Divorce is also linked to more health problems in older adults (Lillard & Waite, as cited by Santrock, 2011, pg. 607). Why do individuals who are happily married live longer, healthy lives than divorced individuals? People in happy marriages likely feel less physically stressed, which puts less have and tear on a persons body such wear and tear can lead to numerous physical ailments, such as high blood pressure and hart illness (Wait e, as cited by Santrock, 011, pg. 459). Conclusion Divorce has universal ill effects on individuals in all stages of life development. If the family is the building block of society, then marriage is the foundation. However, as fewer adults enter into marriage, more adults leave it in divorce, and more adults begin cohabitating, the foundation of marriage is growing weaker and weaker (Fagan & Rector, 2000, pg. 32). It is best stated by Wallerstein et al. (2000) Divorce is a life-transforming experience. After divorce, childhood is different. Adolescence is different.Adulthood- with the decision to marry or not and have children or not- is different. Whether the final exam outcome is god or bad, the whole trajectory of an individuals life is profoundly altered by the divorce experience. Marriage is not merely a private preference, but also a social and public good. Concerned citizens, as well as scholars, need to be aware of the long-run consequences of divorces happening every day in America and the implications it has on the stages of development across the lifespan. References Cherlin, A. J. (2011).The deinstitutionalization of American marriage. In A. Guest (Ed. ), Taking Sides Clashing views in life span development (3rd ed. , pp. 294-307). New York McGraw-Hill Fagan, P. F. , & Rector R. (2000). The effects of divorce on America (Research Report No. 1373). Retrieved from the Heritage Foundation website http//www. heritage. org/library/ backgrounder/bg1373. html Institute for American Values. (2011). Why marriage matters, thirty conclusions from the social sciences . New York Institute for American Values. Peck, J. S. amp Manocherian, J. R. (1988). Divorce in the changing family life cycle. In B. Carter and M. McGoldrick (Ed. ), Changing family life cycle a framework for family therapy (2nd ed. , pp. 335-369). scholar Hall College Div Rhodes, J. L. (2000, Winter). The impact of divorce across the developmental stages. Paradigm, winter 2000. Retrieved from http//www. sequeltsi. com/files/library/The_Impact_of_ Divorce_on_Development. pdf Santrock, J. W. (2011). Life-span development (13th ed. ). New York McGraw-Hill Wallerstein, J. S. , Lewis, J. M. , and